This study aims to investigate the integrated role of gamification, game-based learning, and educational space design in enhancing cognitive strength and place attachment among primary school students. In response to the growing need for experience-oriented learning environments in contemporary education, the research proposes a holistic framework that links pedagogical strategies with spatial design to improve learning outcomes. A quantitative, descriptive–analytical and survey-based methodology was employed. Data were collected using a researcher-developed questionnaire based on a five-point Likert scale. The study population consisted of primary school students, and the sample size was determined using Cochran’s formula. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS software, applying Kolmogorov–Smirnov, one-sample t-test, and Friedman ranking tests. The findings revealed that all components of educational space design have a statistically significant effect on the learning experience (p < 0.05), with spatial diversity and environmental quality identified as the most influential factors. Moreover, gamification and game-based learning were found to significantly enhance cognitive engagement and motivation. The results further indicate that learning experience acts as a mediating variable that connects environmental and educational factors with cognitive and emotional outcomes. Ultimately, this mediating process contributes to the enhancement of cognitive strength and the development of place attachment among students. The study concludes that integrating game-based learning strategies with well-designed educational environments can significantly improve learning quality, increase student engagement, and strengthen emotional bonds with school environments in primary education contexts.