Architectural Technologies Studies

Abstract Aims: The middle-aged population in Iran is steadily increasing, and depression has emerged as one of the most prevalent psychological challenges affecting this age group. Previous studies have reported depression prevalence rates ranging from 25% to 50% among middle-aged adults. In recent years, biophilic architecture, which emphasizes the integration of natural elements into the built environment and strengthens the human–nature connection, has gained attention as a potential strategy for improving psychological well-being. Despite growing evidence regarding the positive effects of nature-based design on mental health, limited research has specifically investigated its influence on depressive symptoms among middle-aged residents in residential environments. Therefore, the present study aimed to examine the relationship between biophilic architectural features and the reduction of depressive symptoms among middle-aged residents and to identify the most influential biophilic components contributing to mental well-being.
Materials & Methods: This applied study was conducted using a descriptive-survey design. The statistical population consisted of middle-aged residents aged 45–65 years living in the Javan and Rose residential complexes in Tehran, Iran. A purposive sample of 20 participants was selected, including 10 residents from each residential complex. Data collection was carried out using two instruments: the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) for assessing depressive symptoms and a researcher-developed biophilic architecture questionnaire consisting of 15 items rated on a five-point Likert scale. The questionnaire evaluated residents’ access to and perception of various biophilic design elements within their residential environment. Descriptive statistical techniques, including means, frequencies, tables, and graphical analyses, were employed to analyze the collected data and compare the two residential complexes.
Findings: The findings revealed a significant inverse relationship between access to biophilic architectural elements and the severity of depressive symptoms among middle-aged residents. The Javan Residential Complex demonstrated a higher average level of access to biophilic features (Mean = 3.34 out of 5) and a considerably lower average depression score (Mean = 17.2) compared with the Rose Residential Complex, which showed a lower mean biophilic score (Mean = 1.67 out of 5) and a substantially higher average depression score (Mean = 42.7). Among the examined biophilic components, “plants and green spaces” achieved the highest effectiveness in reducing depressive symptoms (Mean = 4.13), followed by “natural lighting” (Mean = 3.80). These findings suggest that residential environments characterized by greater exposure to natural elements provide more favorable psychological conditions and may contribute to reduced levels of depression among residents. The results further indicate that not all biophilic components contribute equally, with vegetation and daylight emerging as the most influential factors.
Conclusion: The results of this study support the growing body of evidence highlighting the positive role of biophilic architecture in promoting mental health and psychological well-being. The observed inverse relationship between biophilic design features and depressive symptoms suggests that integrating natural elements into residential environments can serve as an effective, non-pharmacological, and cost-efficient approach to reducing depression among middle-aged adults. In particular, the presence of green spaces and access to natural daylight appear to play critical roles in improving residents’ emotional well-being and reducing psychological distress. Therefore, architects, urban designers, and housing policymakers should prioritize these biophilic components when designing and renovating residential complexes. By incorporating nature-based design principles into residential environments, it may be possible to enhance quality of life, foster healthier living conditions, and contribute to the prevention and mitigation of depression among middle-aged populations.

Abstract Aims: Housing serves as the most fundamental living environment for humans, playing a decisive role in ensuring the physical, mental, and social health of residents. In recent years, the World Health Organization has published the WHO Housing and Health Guidelines (2018), providing a comprehensive framework to elucidate the relationship between housing quality and health outcomes. This document introduces housing not merely as a physical commodity but as a structural determinant within the public health system. The primary aim of this study is to extract the fundamental health concepts embedded in this guideline and reinterpret them in relation to architectural structure and principles. The core objective is to shift the discourse of health from the level of mere hygienic recommendations to the level of spatial organization logic, physical structure, environmental qualities, and the overall architectural design system. Materials & Methods: This research employs qualitative content analysis with a thematic approach to systematically extract core health-related concepts embedded in the World Health Organization’s Housing and Health Guidelines (2018). The guideline serves as the primary data source. Units of analysis include statements, paragraphs, and sections that directly or implicitly address the relationship between built environment quality and human health. The analysis encompasses the entire document, with a focus on topics such as indoor air quality, natural lighting, humidity, safety, crowding, access to open spaces, and spatial justice. The process was structured in four stages: open coding to identify initial concepts without architectural preconceptions; axial clustering to form major categories; reinterpretation of these categories in relation to architectural principles (spatial organization, environmental quality, climatic logic, physical safety, and spatial justice); and critical reflection to bridge policy language with design logic. Findings: Findings reveal that many of the key concepts articulated in the WHO guideline have deep roots in foundational architectural principles, including natural lighting, natural ventilation, spatial hierarchy, human scale, physical safety, and spatial justice. Over 80% of the health-related content in the document directly pertains to built environment decisions and physical attributes. Nevertheless, this intrinsic connection has not been systematically redefined or operationalized within the processes of architectural design and policy-making. The extracted concepts—such as indoor air quality, thermal comfort, crowding, structural safety, and equitable access to nature—demonstrate clear parallels with architectural strategies, yet remain largely confined to technical standards rather than integrated as core design drivers. Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that the concept of “healthy housing” should be fundamentally re-evaluated and repositioned within contemporary architectural discourse. Rather than being understood solely as a set of hygienic standards, technical requirements, or environmental performance indicators, healthy housing should be recognized as a comprehensive and multidimensional design framework that informs both architectural theory and practice. Such a perspective emphasizes the integration of health-related principles into the core components of architectural design, including spatial organization, physical form, environmental quality, functionality, and design ideology.
By embedding considerations of physical, psychological, and social well-being into the design process, architecture can move beyond its traditional role of providing shelter and become an active contributor to public health promotion and disease prevention. This approach highlights the interconnected nature of the built environment and human health, demonstrating that architectural decisions can significantly influence residents’ quality of life, behavior, comfort, and overall well-being. Furthermore, the proposed reinterpretation helps bridge the longstanding divide between public health research and architectural theory, encouraging interdisciplinary collaboration and knowledge exchange. Ultimately, healthy housing should be viewed as an integrated design paradigm in which health is not an external outcome but a fundamental principle embedded within the spatial, social, and environmental foundations of residential architecture.

Abstract Aims: The educational environment and its architectural characteristics play a fundamental role in shaping students’ psychological experiences and academic performance. Among environmental factors, lighting conditions are considered one of the most influential elements affecting human behavior, mood, concentration, and mental well-being. Learning is often accompanied by stress, particularly during examination periods, and excessive stress can negatively affect students’ health, cognitive functioning, and academic achievement. Consequently, identifying environmental strategies that can mitigate stress in educational settings has become an important area of research within environmental psychology and educational design. This study aims to investigate the relationship between light intensity and students’ stress levels in educational environments. Specifically, it seeks to determine whether appropriate lighting conditions can contribute to stress reduction among students during examination sessions and provide evidence-based recommendations for the design of healthier educational spaces.
Materials & Methods: This research employed a mixed-methods approach combining qualitative and quantitative methodologies. The theoretical foundations and research rationale were established through an extensive review of literature and library-based studies related to environmental psychology, educational environments, and lighting design. The empirical phase of the study focused on measuring students’ stress levels during examination sessions. Stress levels were assessed using the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) questionnaire, a widely recognized psychological assessment instrument. Environmental light intensity was measured using a YK-10LX digital lux meter to ensure accurate quantification of lighting conditions within the educational setting. Data collection was conducted under real examination conditions to capture authentic stress responses. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS statistical software. Statistical procedures were applied to examine the relationship between measured light intensity and students’ reported stress levels and to determine the significance of this relationship.
Findings: The results of the study revealed a significant relationship between environmental light intensity and students’ stress levels. Variations in lighting conditions were associated with measurable differences in psychological responses during examination sessions. The findings indicate that light intensity can influence students’ emotional state and perceived stress, suggesting that lighting is not merely a functional requirement but also an important environmental factor affecting mental well-being. Appropriate lighting levels were associated with lower stress scores and improved psychological comfort, whereas inadequate lighting conditions were linked to elevated stress responses. These results support previous findings in environmental psychology that emphasize the importance of sensory and environmental factors in shaping human emotions and behaviors. The study demonstrates that lighting design can serve as a practical intervention for improving educational environments and promoting students’ psychological health.
Conclusion: The findings of this research confirm that light intensity is a significant environmental variable influencing stress levels among students in educational settings. By optimizing lighting conditions, educational institutions can create environments that support psychological well-being, reduce examination-related stress, and potentially enhance academic performance. The study highlights the importance of integrating evidence-based lighting strategies into the design and management of educational facilities. The results can assist educational administrators in improving examination environments and provide architects and designers with valuable insights for creating healthier and more supportive learning spaces. Ultimately, attention to lighting quality should be considered an essential component of educational design aimed at promoting students’ mental health, comfort, and overall learning experience.

Abstract Marginalization is one of the important issues in the field of urban planning and architecture, and special attention must be paid to the key factors and their consequences affecting residents. These factors including the lack of educational and nurturing spaces like child- oriented spaces, security issues, livelihood and educational pressures can have far-reaching effects on residents. However, the most vulnerable and sensitive victims of social harm are children. In this regard, the exclusion of children from child-oriented spaces leads to children exoanding their energy in inappropriate environments, which can cause financial, physical, mental and even fatal losses.This research aims to identify and investigate the factors influencing the unfavorable conditions of marginalized children and explore the reasons for their deprivation due to the absence or lack of child- oriented spaces and the harmful effects it has on children now and in the future. The research also proposes solutions to improve this situation. The research is descriptive-analytical in nature, and the data was gathered through document and library collection, followed by field research, including site visits, interviews with residents, and questionnaires, utilizing the experiences of other professors and researchers and referencing examples and articles from various specialized fields. Finally, the authors' analysis and conclusions have been made. Marginalization is often associated with the confrontation of different and incompatible cultures, which leads to issues such as increased crime, drug sales, child labor, threats to the mental health of residents, and especially children. There is also an unequal and unbalanced distribution of welfare, health, and educational facilitiesthe lack of quality in urban open spaces, such as parks and children's playgrounds. By examining these factors in localities (Nayser, Islamabad, Farajah), their quantity and quality were determined and solutions were proposed to aaddress these issues.

Abstract Extended Abstract
Aims:  In recent decades, contemporary architecture has increasingly shifted toward interdisciplinary and integrative approaches in response to profound cultural, social, and technological transformations. Within this context, the relationship between visual arts and architectural space has gained renewed attention and has moved beyond a purely decorative association. Painting, as one of the most fundamental and enduring branches of the visual arts, has long been intertwined with architecture; however, its role and position in contemporary architectural practice have undergone significant conceptual and functional changes. In many recent examples, painting is no longer treated as an applied or secondary element but rather as an integral part of spatial organization and architectural expression. Through visual components such as line, color, and form, painting has the potential to enrich users’ spatial experiences and contribute to the formation of spatial identity. When these elements are consciously and purposefully integrated into the design process, they can generate multiple layers of meaning, enhance spatial legibility, and strengthen sensory and perceptual engagement. From this perspective, space is no longer perceived merely as a physical container, but as a meaningful, experience-oriented environment capable of fostering deeper emotional and perceptual connections between people and their surroundings. Accordingly, painting can play an active role in shaping spatial quality and users’ lived experience.Despite these capacities, the role of painting in contemporary architecture has often been addressed in a fragmented and case-specific manner, and it has rarely been examined systematically as an influential factor in the design process and the production of spatial identity. This research gap highlights the need to reconsider the position of painting within architectural discourse and raises a central question: how can painting move beyond purely aesthetic functions to become an effective agent in shaping the spatial identity of contemporary architecture?
The aim of this study is to provide an analytical re-reading of the role of painting in contemporary architecture and to examine its impact on spatial experience and architectural identity. By focusing on selected contemporary architectural examples, the study analyzes how painterly elements are employed and explores their spatial and perceptual consequences. This approach seeks to offer a deeper understanding of the potential of painting within contemporary architectural design processes and to contribute to redefining the boundary between visual arts and spatial design.
Materials & Methods:  The present study adopts a qualitative–analytical approach with an interdisciplinary perspective to examine the role and significance of painting in contemporary architecture. The main objective of the research is to explain how painting influences visual qualities, spatial identity, and users’ perceptual experiences within architectural spaces. The qualitative–analytical framework enables an in-depth understanding of complex artistic concepts and the interaction between painting and architecture, while allowing for the integrated analysis of theoretical texts, images, and visual data. In the initial stage, the theoretical framework of the study was developed through a review of scholarly sources, specialized literature, and relevant theoretical perspectives. Subsequently, samples of contemporary architectural projects in which painting was employed as an influential element were selected based on specific criteria, including visual impact, the capacity to create spatial identity, and diversity in the application of painting. Research data were collected using multiple tools, such as documentary studies, case study analysis, semi-structured interviews with architects, interior designers, and art researchers, as well as visual content analysis of project images. Qualitative content analysis was employed as the primary data analysis method, involving processes such as initial coding, conceptual categorization, and the identification of key themes and patterns. Visual analysis of the images, focusing on elements such as color, form, composition, and spatial structure, revealed the role of painting in enhancing architectural aesthetics and shaping spatial identity. Finally, the findings were integrated with previous studies and the theoretical framework to present a comprehensive, multidimensional, and coherent understanding of the impact of painting in contemporary architecture. The statistical population of the study includes contemporary architectural projects from 2000 to 2025, and purposive sampling was applied.
Findings: Painting, as a branch of visual arts, has long interacted with architecture and has gained an interdisciplinary role in contemporary Iranian architecture that goes beyond mere decoration. The present study aims to examine the role of painting in shaping spatial identity, enhancing visual experience, and conveying cultural–symbolic narratives in contemporary Iranian architecture. The main hypothesis of the research is that painting, through the conscious use of color, form, and cultural motifs, can act as a decisive factor in enriching spatial quality, strengthening users’ sense of belonging, and preserving cultural identity. Accordingly, three significant contemporary architectural case studies—Vartan House, the Tehran Museum of Contemporary Art, and the Nima Yushij House Museum—were selected for analysis. The findings indicate that painting performs distinct yet meaningful roles in each project. In Vartan House, mural paintings inspired by Iranian–Islamic and Armenian traditional motifs function as structural and identity-forming elements, reinforcing the connection between modern architecture and local culture. In the Tehran Museum of Contemporary Art, paintings interact directly with architectural form, lighting, and spatial organization, playing a crucial role in enhancing visual and functional experience. In the Nima Yushij House Museum, paintings serve as tools of cultural and poetic narration, contributing to the transmission of historical memory and literary identity. Data analysis led to the identification of three main conceptual themes: cultural and spatial identity formation, integration of art and architecture to enhance visual and spatial experience, and artistic and symbolic storytelling in architectural spaces. Overall, the results demonstrate that painting in contemporary Iranian architecture is not merely an aesthetic element, but an active component in producing meaning, identity, and human experience within architectural spaces.
Conclusion:  The analysis of the research themes and sub-themes demonstrates that painting, as an interdisciplinary element, plays a multidimensional and essential role in contemporary architecture. Beyond its decorative function, painting acts as a structural and meaningful component in spatial formation, contributing to the reproduction of cultural identity, the enhancement of spatial experience, and the creation of artistic and symbolic narratives. Although the intensity and mode of manifestation of these themes vary across the case studies, all of them highlight the necessity of conscious attention to painting within the contemporary architectural design process.
In terms of spatial identity, painting contributes to the reinforcement and stabilization of cultural identity through the use of local, symbolic, and historical elements. Regarding spatial and visual experience, the synergy between painting and architecture enhances sensory perception, improves aesthetic quality, and generates deeper and more engaging spaces. Moreover, in the dimension of artistic storytelling, painting functions as a communicative medium through which cultural, social, and personal meanings are conveyed, transforming architectural space from a purely physical environment into a meaningful and interpretive setting. Overall, the findings support the main research hypothesis and indicate that the conscious integration of painting into architectural design can lead to the creation of spaces that simultaneously embody aesthetic, identity-based, and symbolic qualities. From this perspective, reconsidering the position of painting as an integral part of the architectural design process represents an essential requirement within contemporary architectural approaches.

Abstract To achieve harmony with nature, humans must conserve natural energy and resources while using them efficiently. This study primarily aims to investigate the bionic performance of termites and ants to optimize ventilation and energy consumption. Secondary objectives include examining termite and ant nests and their functional methods for creating natural ventilation, as well as their strategies for energy conservation. Termites and ants, known for building some of the most intricate subterranean nests with deep, interconnected systems, instinctively maintain stable temperatures, optimal airflow, and relative humidity throughout their nests. Their bionic behaviors serve as effective models for achieving natural ventilation and energy conservation. The research methodology is primarily analytical, involving an examination of termite and ant nests, their functional patterns, and an integration of all findings to achieve the ultimate goal of energy preservation. By gathering information from library and online sources, utilizing credible translated books and articles, and analyzing the functional mechanisms of termite and ant nests for natural ventilation, this study synthesizes and evaluates findings to derive actionable insights for optimizing ventilation and energy in architecture.The results of this research highlight how the behaviors of termites and ants in nest construction—focused on energy conservation and ventilation optimization—can serve as inspiration for developing bionic design ideas that promote harmony with nature.

Abstract Women's strolling behavior in commercial spaces, as a socio-cultural phenomenon, is influenced by various factors, including consumer culture, modern attractions, psychological security, and social interactions. Modern commercial spaces, due to their innovative architectural designs and safe environments, provide a setting for social interactions and the redefinition of women's social identity. However, the structural and psychological factors affecting this behavior have received limited comprehensive analysis. This study aims to examine the impact of consumer culture and modern attractions on women's strolling behavior in commercial spaces.To achieve this goal, the research explores questions such as "Which factors have the most significant influence on women's strolling behavior?" and "What is the role of psychological security and gender equity in enhancing women's experiences in these spaces?" A nested mixed-methods approach was employed in this study. Initially, a systematic review of primary sources was conducted to identify the relevant variables. Subsequently, the Delphi technique was used to extract and refine key components related to consumer culture and modern attractions. Finally, quantitative data were collected through a Likert-scale questionnaire and analyzed using Spearman correlation and multiple regression tests.The findings indicate that psychological security and modern attractions, with correlation coefficients of 0.865 and 0.821, respectively, have the highest impact on women's strolling behavior. Conversely, spiritual-cultural variables had the least effect on this behavior. Moreover, gender equity was identified as a crucial factor in increasing women's participation in these environments by reducing inequalities and promoting equal access. The results suggest that the design of commercial spaces should focus on enhancing security, visual appeal, and social interactions to create a more favorable experience for women.

Abstract The use of permeable design, adaptable equipment, and diverse multifunctional spaces facilitates social interactions in cultural and artistic centers. Such centers provide individuals with unique opportunities to interact in social, engaging, and dynamic environments where they can discover, cultivate, and develop their skills. Additionally, employing portable and multipurpose items alongside multifunctional spaces strengthens spatial permeability. This approach enables cultural environments to cater to the diverse needs of individuals while considering cultural conditions. Drawing on global experiences in designing user-centered cultural centers has proven to be highly valuable and applicable in Iran.The aim of this study is to examine the influential components for achieving desirable spatial quality in designing permeable cultural centers. This research is applied and employs descriptive and qualitative methods, relying on documentary studies, literature reviews, and analysis of existing resources. A review of articles and successful case studies from inside and outside Iran indicates that architectural design, movement and circulation patterns, integration of indoor and outdoor spaces, and attention to effective elements in permeable space design contribute to fostering creativity, social interaction, and individual flourishing in cultural and artistic centers. Furthermore, cultural centers provide numerous opportunities for social interactions.

Abstract Construction projects significantly contribute to a country's financial resources, yet claims and disputes have become common in these projects. Many stakeholders consider these disputes among the most destructive events in the industry. In most projects, there is a possibility of claims from parties, particularly contractors, due to differences in project implementation systems. While eliminating claims is impossible, identifying the primary causes and origins of claims can help prevent them from occurring in projects. This study investigated the causes of disputes and claims by contractors in municipalities. A comprehensive literature review was conducted to identify potential factors affecting disputes and claims. Subsequently, a questionnaire was administered to 20 experts and specialists to validate these factors. The probability of disputes occurring and the average probability of these disputes converting into significant differences between contractors and municipalities were measured using statistical tests. Exploratory factor analysis was employed to classify the factors causing these differences, and the probability of conversion for each group was analyzed. The Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method was used to rank the factors affecting these differences. The results showed that indicators related to the consultant's weaknesses and shortcomings, as well as those related to the employer's weaknesses and shortcomings, accounted for a significant share in the occurrence of disputes between municipalities and contractors. Specific issues such as the execution and timing of projects, duplication of work, delays in decision-making, and delays in obtaining necessary permits were found to contribute to disputes and claims. The study underscores the importance of effective project management, timely communication, and collaboration between contractors and municipalities to minimize disputes and claims.

Abstract The city of Tehran, as the capital of Iran, has been undergoing a significant transformation in terms of modern changes and extensive development in public center design. Commercial complexes are considered as common domains for social interactions, communications, and social cognition, reflecting effective urban aspects. However, the neglect of social analysis in the design process may lead to the loss of communication between individuals and public spaces, which can result in undesirable social consequences and psychological and emotional distress within society such as isolation and Social alienation. In this regard, the design and architecture of commercial centers have a prominent role, and further research on the social acceptability of these centers is necessary. The main objective of this comparative research is to examine and compare the influential components of social acceptability based on architectural features in the commercial performance of two different structures, namely traditional market centers and malls. The case studies of this research include the Grand Bazaar of Tehran and Kourosh Mall. This study employs a mixed-method approach, utilizing library research, questionnaires, in-depth interviews, and observations, to investigate the subject both quantitatively and qualitatively. Analysis of the results demonstrates that multi-purpose commercial complexes, through environmental structural factors, possess higher levels of overall acceptability compared to traditional markets, by developing dimensions of greater security. This research contributes to the field of architecture and urban design by highlighting the importance of social analysis in the design process and identifying the influential components of social acceptability in commercial centers.

Abstract Elderly is an age of dealing with specific physical and psychological limitations, and attention to spiritual needs, along with physical needs, has particular importance. The growing population of elders, and changes in individual and family lifestyles, have led to an increase in the number of nursing homes. But psychologically, these homes are viewed as a symbol of isolation and society tendency to reject them. Therefore, what needs attention, is the creation of a space, that while providing physical, material and emotional support, conforms to age conditions and crises that lead to the limitation and separation of the elderly from society. This study aims to provide strategies to improve the level of satisfaction and increase sense of belonging in the nursing home environment. To this end, after reviewing literature, and designing a questionnaire combining standard samples of life satisfaction and sense of belonging, and constructing a survey on physical factors, we surveyed the opinions of 123 elderly people living in the Ardebil Nursing Home. Data were analyzed using SPSS v.24 software. The results of the correlation test show that there is a positive relationship between environmental factors and elders' satisfaction and sense of belonging. Also, regression test result shows that among environmental factors, environmental vitality has the most influence on providing satisfaction and sense of belonging. After that, green space and light, visual appeal, environmental capability and freedom of action have a positive impact. The results also show that with increasing age, the rate of satisfaction and sense of belonging decreases.

Abstract Cultural tourism, as one of the most popular forms of contemporary tourism, aims to explore and experience diverse cultures. In this context, street photography plays a significant role in capturing and documenting cultural tourists' experiences, acting as a tool for preserving and transmitting unique cultural moments. This study explores how street photography can document tourists' experiences and visually represent the atmosphere of various environments. The main objective is to investigate the role of street photography in recording and conveying the cultures and experiences of cultural tourists. Additionally, the research investigates various techniques and styles of street photography to gain a comprehensive understanding of the interplay between cultural tourism and photography. The study employs qualitative methods and content analysis of images. It begins with a review of the theoretical background and previous studies on street photography’s impact on documenting cultural experiences. The analysis includes images from various sources and periods, using different techniques to assess the role and impact of street photography in documenting these experiences. The findings indicate that street photography can capture subtle details of culture and environments that words cannot convey. These images, besides serving as personal souvenirs, play a crucial role in sharing tourists' experiences and enhancing understanding of various cultures. This research provides valuable insights for researchers, photographers, and cultural tourism enthusiasts, offering new perspectives on urban space design and promoting interaction between people and built environments.

Abstract In recent years, living in residential complexes can be considered one of the most important developments in housing, which has become a form of contemporary living and housing in cities. Also, with the excessive growth of residential complexes and their physical development, we sometimes see a decline in the quality of residential spaces, which has caused various problems in the lives of the residents of these complexes. In this regard, the crises arising from apartment living have created a wide range of mental disorders, such as stress, anxiety, depression, etc. The current research is based on the evaluation and analysis of the impact of the physical components of the environment on mental health; so that the results may open the way for the design of healthy and growing residential spaces. In order to measure people's mental health and examine the environmental elements, the GHQ-12 standard questionnaire was used, and the environment's physical components were taken into consideration. Also, a researcher-made questionnaire was prepared based on the environment's influential physical components. This questionnaire was answered by 340 residents of different residential complexes in Shiraz, and SPSS software was used to analyze and process the information. The findings of the present research show that the physical environment of residential complexes has a fundamental role in life quality and consequently has the greatest negative impact on the mental health of the residents. As a result, it has been determined that there is a reliable relationship between human health and the surrounding physical environment. Also, it concluded that to ensure the mental health of residents, the physical components of residential environments should be taken into consideration and designers should try to improve and fix their defects.

Abstract This research examines the consumption process in modern cities and discusses its role in the lives of citizens. Research theories are based on the views of Veblen, Simmel, Bakoc, Bourdieu, and Marx. Also, in this research, the ethnographic research method is used and the data collection technique includes participatory observation and in-depth interview. The findings of the research show that commercial spaces have created a special design in the architecture of the city, there are criteria in the designs of the city that lead to the creation of a pleasant and stimulating atmosphere for consumption, the colors used in commercial spaces in The brightness of the spaces plays a vital role and helps a lot in creating the beauty of the goods Multiple entrances, wide corridors, many skylights and a beautiful central view in shopping centers provide the possibility of encouraging more people to enter the arcade. Wanderers change and define their identity by walking in the city. Also, the shopping centers themselves include retail space, hotels, restaurants, and entertainment facilities, which have caused more and more people to buy and consumerism with the different facilities they provide. On the other hand, shopping centers as one of the new forms of shopping play an effective role in people's shopping addiction. Shopping addiction sometimes tempts people to buy excessively, for this reason it brings anxiety and worry to people.

Abstract Every child spends an important part of his life in school. The purpose of this presence in schools is to learn and develop the child's abilities and skills, as well as individual and social behaviors. Improper design of the school environment causes dissatisfaction, fatigue and decrease in their learning. Paying attention to the mental and physical characteristics of children and their behavioral patterns in the design of educational environments and the impact of environmental perceptions can help children's learning and the emergence of talents and ultimately their growth and prosperity. Hence, designing schools according to the needs It is especially important for children between 6-12 years old. What this article deals with is the different aspects of the effect of educational spaces and the components of environmental perceptions of these spaces on children's learning with the approach of improving students' learning. The current research is applied in terms of its purpose and survey-analytical in terms of the research method. The result shows that the factors that make up the educational environment are effective in facilitating children's learning and this effect is such that the sum of these factors together provide conditions so that students can focus more easily on the subject matter in order to improve Let them learn. And also this research states that components derived from environmental perception, such as: variety of furniture arrangement and flexible and movable furniture, spaces with the possibility of collaborative interactions, appropriate combination of colors in the space, readable and inviting entrances and paths, sand playground , the presence of water, terraces along the classes on the floors, participatory park, garden pit, tall and light windows, etc. are effective in improving students' learning.

Abstract Traditional markets have long been central to the presence of the people and are the core of organization and interaction in the social and economic environment of cities. Today, commercial complexes are a good platform and space for social relations. In these complexes, the activity of guilds and being public can lead to the presence of people in the space and create an environment for promoting interactions, vitality, dynamism and social growth of the city. This letter aims to reach to solutions in promoting social interactions in commercial complexes regardiding the pattern of traditional markets. The hypothesis of this study is that there is a significant relationship between legibility patterns, sense of place, stillness, dynamics, motion, light, variety of form and geometry and patterns of activity in traditional Iranian markets with social interactions. The research method of this article is a combination, in the first part, the physical components of the market were extracted by using library studies and observing and examining a case study of the Isfahan market, and in the second part, through open interviews with twelve experts in the field of architecture, the effective components were determined using the snowball method. . In the next step, the data obtained from the case sample was analyzed in a quantitative way using a questionnaire that was distributed among the users of commercial spaces in Region 5, in order to identify the components that can be used in today's commercial complexes. The obtained results show that using the components of sense of place, vitality, and spatial permeability and diversity in the design of commercial complexes can improve social interactions among users of these spaces.

Abstract The space syntax and geometric layout, influenced by a wide array of explicit and implicit parameters and lead to multiple solutions for design problems, are one of the primary steps for architectural designs. Two of the main challenges faced in this subject are: utilizing the computational power of computers to predict the space syntax of architectural plans and defining the problem in an Algorithmic language. The current study aims to present an algorithm for reaching a space syntax followed by the users' needs and preferences to form a meaningful connection between the houses and their residents and facilitate the user's participation in the design of midrise residential buildings. In the current study, multi-objective optimization was used to achieve space syntax designs based on multiple parameters. In order to optimize, a set of 200 manually layout design plans were used as input for the algorithm; the algorithm then generates plans for the midrise residential buildings based on criteria such as open and closed space area, requirements for orientations of various spaces, number of rooms. Then, numerous solutions are reviewed and compared, and the most suitable plan is chosen based on the results. Finally, the entire process of algorithm was tested for some case studies, and the results show a great capacity of the proposed method in providing space syntax plans with speed and variety.

Abstract The desirability of students' social interactions plays a fundamental role in enhancing the quality of formal and informal academic spaces. The present study aims to investigate the territorial behavior in the academic environment concerning the concept of "boundary" to improve students' social interactions. This study is applied and mixed-method research, in which a survey study is applied to A) evaluate the individuals' views and develop the objective table and contents. Through data collection and employing written sources and semi-structured interviews with psychology and architecture professors B) develop a visual questionnaire, according to the table and distribute them among the research population. In the present study, to fill out the questionnaire, 17 professors are interviewed, and 45 architecture students of Shahid Rajaee University are asked. Data are collected using interviews, observations, and questionnaires. The statistical population includes architecture students of Shahid Rajaee University. Also, the samples are selected by a cluster sampling technique. After classifying the obtained data using SPSS software, they are investigated and analyzed to extract desired boundaries from the students' views utilizing a t-test. Findings indicate that students consider in-between boundaries to be more desirable for spatial privacy in the presence of individuals and friendly gatherings.

Abstract Public Arts are one of the cheapest and most accessible alternatives for achieving alive urban places. This kind of art, the name implies, is born, raised, and matured from byways corners of a city and its living streets. In most European countries, the importance of Public Arts has been proved so obviously. In such countries, they consider complete separate Planning Acts from Master Plans for Public Arts, usually called "Public Art Master Plan" with a long-term vision and practical strategies. Furthermore, in numerous countries, Public Art has not been considered just as an aesthetic aspect with official purposes, but also as a means for transmitting the society’s ideologies and attitudes, especially the society’s intellectuals. Murals in this category are one of the most colorable and effective types of Public Arts that can be executed on cities walls in different ways: Official or Graffiti, Professional or Amateur, Long term or Short Term, etc. In this research, we have tried to pay more attention to Public Arts generally and Murals particularly and make a unique collection of valid and updated information on this subject. In the end, we have offered some solutions and local strategies for making Qazvin city public spaces better places to live practically, with the help of Public Arts and Murals. The conclusion is a design framework achieved by public Preferences.