Architectural Technologies Studies

Abstract Aims: Housing serves as the most fundamental living environment for humans, playing a decisive role in ensuring the physical, mental, and social health of residents. In recent years, the World Health Organization has published the WHO Housing and Health Guidelines (2018), providing a comprehensive framework to elucidate the relationship between housing quality and health outcomes. This document introduces housing not merely as a physical commodity but as a structural determinant within the public health system. The primary aim of this study is to extract the fundamental health concepts embedded in this guideline and reinterpret them in relation to architectural structure and principles. The core objective is to shift the discourse of health from the level of mere hygienic recommendations to the level of spatial organization logic, physical structure, environmental qualities, and the overall architectural design system. Materials & Methods: This research employs qualitative content analysis with a thematic approach to systematically extract core health-related concepts embedded in the World Health Organization’s Housing and Health Guidelines (2018). The guideline serves as the primary data source. Units of analysis include statements, paragraphs, and sections that directly or implicitly address the relationship between built environment quality and human health. The analysis encompasses the entire document, with a focus on topics such as indoor air quality, natural lighting, humidity, safety, crowding, access to open spaces, and spatial justice. The process was structured in four stages: open coding to identify initial concepts without architectural preconceptions; axial clustering to form major categories; reinterpretation of these categories in relation to architectural principles (spatial organization, environmental quality, climatic logic, physical safety, and spatial justice); and critical reflection to bridge policy language with design logic. Findings: Findings reveal that many of the key concepts articulated in the WHO guideline have deep roots in foundational architectural principles, including natural lighting, natural ventilation, spatial hierarchy, human scale, physical safety, and spatial justice. Over 80% of the health-related content in the document directly pertains to built environment decisions and physical attributes. Nevertheless, this intrinsic connection has not been systematically redefined or operationalized within the processes of architectural design and policy-making. The extracted concepts—such as indoor air quality, thermal comfort, crowding, structural safety, and equitable access to nature—demonstrate clear parallels with architectural strategies, yet remain largely confined to technical standards rather than integrated as core design drivers. Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that the concept of “healthy housing” should be fundamentally re-evaluated and repositioned within contemporary architectural discourse. Rather than being understood solely as a set of hygienic standards, technical requirements, or environmental performance indicators, healthy housing should be recognized as a comprehensive and multidimensional design framework that informs both architectural theory and practice. Such a perspective emphasizes the integration of health-related principles into the core components of architectural design, including spatial organization, physical form, environmental quality, functionality, and design ideology.
By embedding considerations of physical, psychological, and social well-being into the design process, architecture can move beyond its traditional role of providing shelter and become an active contributor to public health promotion and disease prevention. This approach highlights the interconnected nature of the built environment and human health, demonstrating that architectural decisions can significantly influence residents’ quality of life, behavior, comfort, and overall well-being. Furthermore, the proposed reinterpretation helps bridge the longstanding divide between public health research and architectural theory, encouraging interdisciplinary collaboration and knowledge exchange. Ultimately, healthy housing should be viewed as an integrated design paradigm in which health is not an external outcome but a fundamental principle embedded within the spatial, social, and environmental foundations of residential architecture.

Abstract Problem and Objectives: In architectural education, studio-based courses constitute the main arena in which students learn to transform theoretical knowledge, technical competence, spatial perception, cultural understanding, and design judgment into architectural propositions. Although design studios in Iranian universities share the general mission of educating future architects, their structure, thematic sequence, supporting courses, technical orientation, and assessment patterns vary considerably. These differences are not merely administrative or quantitative; they express distinct educational philosophies regarding what an architect should know, how design ability should be formed, and how theory, culture, technology, and professional practice should be integrated within undergraduate education. This study examines the structure and content of studio-based architectural courses in three leading Iranian universities: the University of Tehran, Shahid Beheshti University, and Iran University of Science and Technology. Its objective is to clarify how each university organizes the gradual formation of design competence, how studio courses are connected to theoretical, historical, technical, and elective courses, and how these arrangements shape the educational identity of each school. The study also seeks to identify shared capacities, structural divergences, and transferable lessons that may contribute to the revision of architectural education in Iran.
Research Question: The central research question is as follows: how do the qualitative and quantitative differences in the organization and content of studio-based architectural courses in the three universities shape their educational approaches and affect the type of architect each program seeks to train? This question is addressed through several subsidiary concerns. First, the research asks how design studios are sequenced from introductory exercises to advanced architectural projects and final design work. Second, it investigates how theoretical courses support or remain separate from the design studio. Third, it examines whether each curriculum privileges conceptual and spatial thinking, social and contextual engagement, or technical and professional preparation. Finally, it asks whether the diversity among these programs represents a productive plurality of educational identities or whether the absence of an integrated framework may produce fragmentation in architectural knowledge, design culture, and competence.
Research Method: The research is qualitative, analytical, and comparative, while also using quantitative indicators to clarify curricular differences. It is based on documentary analysis of official undergraduate architectural curricula, approved course syllabi, semester-by-semester study plans, credit distribution tables, and publicly available educational information from the three universities. The data were extracted, categorized, and compared according to structural and content-based indicators. These indicators include the number and sequence of studio courses, the length of the program, prerequisites, the ratio between studio, theoretical, technical, and elective courses, the role of history and theory in relation to design, the place of Islamic and Iranian architectural studies, the depth of structural and construction-related education, attention to digital technologies, and the presence of interdisciplinary or context-oriented courses.
The comparative content analysis proceeded in four stages. First, the official design-studio sequence of each university was reconstructed to identify its pedagogical logic. Second, supporting theoretical and technical courses were mapped around the studio sequence to determine curricular integration. Third, qualitative interpretations were developed regarding the dominant educational orientation of each university. Fourth, the results were read diagnostically to reveal strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and gaps in each curriculum. To enhance validity, the analysis relied on formal and verifiable documents rather than anecdotal accounts. To strengthen reliability, data extraction, classification, and interpretation were organized around explicit comparative criteria. The research does not evaluate the actual quality of teaching, instructors’ personal methods, or students’ lived experience; rather, it focuses on the official structure and declared curricular logic of the programs.
Conclusion: The findings show that the three universities share a staged model of design education. In all three programs, students move from basic visual literacy, spatial perception, drawing, model-making, and elementary design exercises toward increasingly complex projects involving function, context, structure, environmental considerations, and professional documentation. Project-based learning and the studio format remain the central pedagogical framework, and each curriculum seeks to combine theoretical knowledge with practical design experience. Nevertheless, deeper analysis reveals substantial differences in educational orientation.
The University of Tehran presents a coherent and hierarchical studio structure that emphasizes spatial understanding, conceptual development, aesthetic judgment, historical awareness, and critical thinking. Its design education moves from visual and formal foundations toward broader questions of form, function, culture, urban context, and architectural meaning. In this model, the architect is trained as a reflective designer capable of translating analytical and cultural understanding into spatial propositions. Shahid Beheshti University, by contrast, gives greater prominence to socio-cultural contextualism, everyday life, historical fabrics, urban realities, environmental psychology, critical thinking, future studies, ergonomics, artificial intelligence, and other interdisciplinary fields. Its curriculum encourages students to approach design as an intervention within social, cultural, historical, and urban settings. The architect emerging from this model is expected to be context-sensitive, socially aware, and capable of engaging with the lived realities of place. Iran University of Science and Technology demonstrates the strongest technical and professional orientation. Its curriculum emphasizes construction systems, structures, building technology, quantity surveying, project management, digital tools, executive documents, and the transition from design idea to buildable project. In this model, the architect is trained as a technically competent professional who can coordinate design decisions with construction logic, standards, documentation, and implementation.
The study concludes that these differences can be valuable when they create intellectual and professional diversity within architectural education. However, when such diversity is not supported by a coherent national framework, it may lead to fragmentation between conceptual, contextual, and technical dimensions of architectural training. Therefore, the revision of architectural education in Iran should not erase institutional differences, but should establish a more integrated structure in which design studios, theoretical courses, technical knowledge, digital competence, cultural awareness, and professional preparation reinforce one another. A desirable curriculum would preserve the distinctive strengths of each school: the conceptual and critical depth of the University of Tehran, the contextual and interdisciplinary richness of Shahid Beheshti University, and the technical and executive rigor of Iran University of Science and Technology. At the same time, it should respond to Iran’s diverse climates, cultures, historical traditions, and contemporary professional demands. The future of architectural education in Iran depends on the ability to form architects who are not creative designers, contextual thinkers, or technical professionals in isolation, but integrated practitioners capable of linking meaning, place, technology, and construction within a responsible architectural vision.

Abstract Aims: Higher education plays a crucial role in preparing competent graduates, yet a significant gap remains between academic theoretical knowledge and the practical skills required in professional environments. This gap stems from traditional teaching methods, inflexible curricula, and ineffective knowledge transfer. One of the major challenges in higher education is the decline in students’ academic motivation a factor that directly influences academic achievement, reduces anxiety, enhances creativity, and improves overall performance. Many educational systems worldwide face student demotivation and its negative consequences, such as academic underachievement. The presence of students with similar abilities but different motivation levels highlights the importance of addressing motivational factors.In response to these challenges, modern approaches such as constructivism have emerged, emphasizing active learning and the central role of the learner. This approach strengthens intrinsic motivation by enhancing self-efficacy and fosters collaborative learning environments that reduce anxiety and stimulate creativity. Evidence shows that constructivist, active teaching methods create meaningful connections between educational content and students’ real needs, thereby enhancing both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Accordingly, the present study examines the effectiveness of constructivist instruction in improving academic motivation among architecture students.
Materials & Methods:  This applied study employed a quasi-experimental design with pre-test and post-test measurements across experimental and control groups. The statistical population consisted of first-semester undergraduate architecture students and first-semester associate architecture students at the National Girls’ Skills College in Sari, enrolled in the Perspective course during the 2023–2024 academic year. The control group included 15 associate students, while the experimental group consisted of 21 undergraduate students. The independent variable was the constructivist instructional model, delivered to the experimental group in twelve weekly sessions, each lasting three hours.The dependent variable, academic motivation, was assessed using Vallerand’s Academic Motivation Scale (1992), based on Deci and Ryan’s self-determination theory. The scale includes 28 items measuring intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, and amotivation on a five-point Likert scale (1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree). Higher scores indicate higher levels of each motivational dimension. The questionnaire was administered to both groups at the beginning and again at the end of the course. Constructivist teaching strategies were adapted to the study context and organized into three domains: objectives and content, instructional methods, and assessment. In terms of objectives and content, lesson plans were adjusted flexibly according to students’ levels, and assignments were personalized. Instructional methods included providing educational videos alongside in-class teaching, allowing students to review concepts outside the classroom. Assessment strategies involved continuous evaluation, periodic interim submissions, and a final exam. Since both groups shared identical classroom environments, physical learning conditions were not examined. This design enabled a clear comparison of the impact of constructivist instruction on students’ academic motivation.
Findings: All participants in this study were female architecture students at the National Girls’ Skills College in Sari, aged between 18 and 20. The experimental group consisted of 21 undergraduate architecture students, while the control group included 15 associate-level students. The age distribution in both groups showed that most participants were 18 years old. The results of academic motivation were examined across three dimensions: amotivation, intrinsic motivation, and extrinsic motivation, in both pre-test and post-test stages. Findings revealed that the mean score of amotivation in the experimental group decreased from 32.60±3.80 in the pre-test to 28.40±3.20 in the post-test, while the control group showed only a minimal reduction from 33.10±4.10 to 32.80±3.90. This notable decline demonstrates the effectiveness of the constructivist teaching model in reducing students’ amotivation. For intrinsic motivation, the experimental group showed an increase from 66.70±5.12 to 72.40±4.85, whereas the control group exhibited only a slight improvement. This indicates that constructivist instruction significantly enhanced students’ intrinsic motivation and their active engagement in learning. In the dimension of extrinsic motivation, the experimental group’s mean increased moderately from 58.20±4.95 to 62.10±4.30, while changes in the control group were negligible. Overall, the results confirm that constructivist teaching has a positive impact on reducing amotivation and enhancing intrinsic motivation among architecture students.
Conclusion: In contemporary society, social development is a key concern for policymakers, and one of its important indicators is academic achievement within educational systems. Motivation whether intrinsic or extrinsic plays a fundamental role in individuals’ success, as it drives purposeful effort, productivity, and effective planning. Educational approaches have a significant impact on strengthening students’ motivation, and among them, constructivist teaching is recognized as an effective method for enhancing academic motivation. This study aimed to investigate the effect of constructivist instruction on the academic motivation of architecture students. The findings revealed that this teaching method significantly increased intrinsic motivation and reduced amotivation among students. Although a positive effect was also observed on extrinsic motivation, its magnitude was smaller compared to intrinsic motivation. These results align with previous studies that highlight the importance of active, project-based, and collaborative learning environments in promoting academic motivation. Overall, the study suggests that constructivism by fostering interactive learning opportunities, personalizing content, and enhancing students’ self-efficacy can serve as an effective approach to addressing motivational challenges in higher education, particularly in practice-oriented fields such as architecture. It also underscores the need for educational policymakers to support the broader implementation of active teaching methods.

Abstract Schools have long been among the most important places for imparting knowledge and nurturing the spiritual development of children, and the impact of their environment on personality formation in adulthood is undeniable. This study aims to demonstrate the relationship between school courtyards and green spaces and the promotion of spiritual education among elementary school students. Accordingly, the key research question is: How can the connection between school green spaces and Islamic thought be analyzed to enhance the spiritual growth of elementary students?The research starts with a primary hypothesis and is based on previous foundational studies. It seeks to examine the relationship between the physical structure and architectural elements of the Persian garden used in school courtyards and students’ familiarity with the origin and essence of creation, aiming to promote spiritual education within the educational spaces of elementary schools.This applied research employs both qualitative and quantitative approaches to answer the research questions. In the first phase (qualitative), the principles and architectural criteria of educational buildings designed by integrating traditional school courtyards were extracted. In the next phase, using an analytical method, the obtained criteria were examined in Iranian schools, and the values and design strategies of school courtyards were evaluated and analyzed.An observational and analytical study was conducted on several sample schools, which contributed to the final pattern formulation.Findings indicate that the presence of courtyards designed in the style of Persian gardens with garden geometry and pools can guide children towards spiritual education and elevated personal growth.

Abstract The integration of architectural and urban spaces with local climate conditions is crucial for ensuring building sustainability and achieving key objectives in sustainable development. Climate designers and architects have long emphasized the study of environmental data to understand diverse climate behaviors. Climate-friendly architecture aims to harmonize building designs with their natural surroundings. This study focuses on Qaleh Bala Biarjamand village, located in Shahroud city, Semnan province. The central inquiry revolves around identifying climate-responsive architectural solutions using thermal comfort indicators specific to this village. Employing a descriptive-analytical method with a quantitative approach, the study draws insights from field studies spanning 18 years and reputable meteorological sources. The research identifies a framework based on principles outlined by Olgi, Evans, Mahoney, and Givoni, emphasizing the use of natural energy resources. Findings underscore strategies tailored to the village's cold and dry climate, such as adopting compact, densely textured designs, reducing surface-area-to-volume ratios, and employing heavy materials with high heat capacity in southern walls. Additionally, minimizing window sizes emerges as a viable strategy to enhance climate-friendly architecture in this context.

Abstract Construction projects significantly contribute to a country's financial resources, yet claims and disputes have become common in these projects. Many stakeholders consider these disputes among the most destructive events in the industry. In most projects, there is a possibility of claims from parties, particularly contractors, due to differences in project implementation systems. While eliminating claims is impossible, identifying the primary causes and origins of claims can help prevent them from occurring in projects. This study investigated the causes of disputes and claims by contractors in municipalities. A comprehensive literature review was conducted to identify potential factors affecting disputes and claims. Subsequently, a questionnaire was administered to 20 experts and specialists to validate these factors. The probability of disputes occurring and the average probability of these disputes converting into significant differences between contractors and municipalities were measured using statistical tests. Exploratory factor analysis was employed to classify the factors causing these differences, and the probability of conversion for each group was analyzed. The Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method was used to rank the factors affecting these differences. The results showed that indicators related to the consultant's weaknesses and shortcomings, as well as those related to the employer's weaknesses and shortcomings, accounted for a significant share in the occurrence of disputes between municipalities and contractors. Specific issues such as the execution and timing of projects, duplication of work, delays in decision-making, and delays in obtaining necessary permits were found to contribute to disputes and claims. The study underscores the importance of effective project management, timely communication, and collaboration between contractors and municipalities to minimize disputes and claims.

Abstract The aim of this study is to identify the factors through which by creating a driving force in changing space used to regenerate spaces in it. This study examines the methods of intervention and change of use in spaces, identifying the components of space regeneration and their intervention areas. The research method of the research is qualitative approach and comparative method and in order to access the subject literature, the basic concepts have been collected from the library and survey method. The theoretical framework has been established through the study of books, articles, theses, and database searches. In the present study, the most influential criteria for changes in building use, with an emphasis on regeneration, have been gathered from the literature. Based on the conducted studies, quality criteria of space, elements and components, and consideration of previous usage have been extracted and examining the criteria in case examples including, Arghvan Administrative Office, Textile Art Gallery (Taropood), Water Museum in Vakil Reservoir, Newton Glasses Gallery, Rooberoo Hostel and 1330 House have been evaluated. The result of the above research indicates that the Water Museum in Vakil Reservoir, then the Textile Art Gallery of Shiraz and the Rooberoo hostel of Tehran are compatible with the with the characteristics of regeneration. Paying attention to the spatial quality, components and elements and paying attention to the previous use has a reciprocal relationship with the change of use of the building with a revitalization approach, and as a result, we get a lasting effect.

Abstract Society is constantly undergoing changes influenced by various factors, which impact all aspects of life, including culture. Consequently, when changes occur, adaptation and coordination become necessary. The architectural landscape in Iran, with its long history and remarkable works, has been rapidly and multi-dimensionally shaped by the developments of the 20th century. This has sometimes led to conflicts between the past and the desired future, resulting in periods of confusion regarding the direction of progress. The paper aims to investigate the effective components in the formation of contemporary Iranian architecture based on social changes. The research methodology employed in this study is qualitative and follows an analytical-historical approach. Content analysis consists of three stages: preparation and organization, examination of materials and messages, and data processing and conclusion drawing. These stages are conducted using MAXQDA software. Additionally, graphical representations are generated based on the research components. Gafi stands out as one of the notable programs in this regard. The results indicate that social changes over time have significantly influenced the evolution of contemporary architecture in Iran. Factors such as political, economic, cultural, climatic and environmental consideration have distinctly shaped contemporary Iranian architecture during different historical periods.

Abstract Visual documents, including paintings, are among the most important sources in researching the history of Iranian architecture. However, the capacities and special importance of these paintings have not been sufficiently emphasized and utilized in architectural research. Therefore, there is a need for a deeper examination and analysis of these paintings and their effects on architecture. The Herat School stands as one of the significant schools in the history of Iranian architecture. This school is capable of realistically representing the architectural spaces of the Timurid period, which is particularly important because the architecture of this period exhibits realistic and reflective features of Islamic architectural elements. In this article, the level of realism of the tile decorations in Behzad's paintings has been investigated and analyzed. The current research method is non-experimental and based on an interpretive-historical approach. In fact, by prioritizing the logic of "the possibility of extracting documents in the field" and "the extraction of images used in the documents" as inferential and indicative conditions in the logic of research evidence, random sampling has been utilized. The research structure, relying on Behzad's images and architectural concepts depicted in his paintings, begins with an introduction from this artist and then proceeds to analyze the influential real buildings in those works.

Abstract Housing has other objectives such as providing multiple services and providing the needs of people living in that place. When the decision to determine a specified location for the residence, it is important to provide an acceptable level of satisfaction. People are satisfied with their residence time that they meet their needs. People are the most important factors in architecture; therefore designers and architects need to try and work towards providing and promoting the level of satisfaction in residential complexes. In order to investigate the promotion of satisfaction and its influential factors in high - rise residential complexes , support spaces are considered. The research method is descriptive - analytical and based on the applied goal. The method of data collection was library method and for main data of research , field method was considered. The data collection tool is edinterviews with residents of residential complex in chamran campus using questionnaires. The collected data were analyzed by using spss25 software. The results showed that the first priority of supporting space related to service spaces such as the existence of lift and …, after that the existence of garbage dump in the complex, then existence of safe spaces with safety and perfect security for children and existence of shops in order to meet the needs of collection for residents were important.

Abstract The current research seeks to provide effective solutions on the emotional and motivational development of mentally retarded children based on environmental psychology. The aim of this research is to provide a purposeful environment for the mental and educational development of children with mental disabilities by examining the psychology of the educational environment. Mentally retarded children are physically, intellectually, emotionally and behaviorally different from other people and therefore they need special environments to empower their intelligence. In this research; First, By using study -library documents-, the basics of mentally retarded children and their disorders (conditions), as well as the psychology of the children's environment and the factors affecting the environment, have been studied, and then the relationship between the psychology of the environment and the needs of mentally retarded children has been investigated using descriptive-analytical methods. The current research aims to improve the states and disorders of mentally retarded children through the use of optimal environmental design solutions to cause their motivational growth. The findings showed that factors such as color, materials and form in the space can have a significant effect on the intellectual ability of mentally retarded children. So that by using these factors, optimal design solutions are obtained in order to solve each of their disorders and as a result increase their motivation.

Abstract In today's world, technologies have reached such a level of progress and development that they cannot be ignored at the level of daily life. The smart house represents a new definition of the home space, which is associated with the entry of more and more technology into homes. The place of intelligentization in Iran, as an imported phenomenon, needs further study and investigations. The purpose of this research is to find the challenges facing smart building in Iranian homes and find out the users' attitude towards this issue. In the following, it has been tried to examine the advantages and disadvantages and the strengths and weaknesses of the smart home based on the lived experience of the users of Tehran. This research is based on the purpose of a fundamental research and in terms of method, it is a qualitative ethnographic study that was conducted by conducting in-depth and semi-structured interviews with two groups of actual and potential smart home users in Tehran. The findings of this research indicate that various components are effective in the level of users' satisfaction with the smartness of homes, which in the group of actual users include the components; psychological, social, economic, cultural, infrastructure and technology and in the group of potential users also includes the components; It is economic, social and cultural. The results show that despite the initial ideas, actual users often feel satisfied with living in these spaces and even if they are not completely satisfied, they do not deny the benefits of smartening. In fact, the most important challenge for the adoption of a smart home from the point of view of both groups is its high costs.

Abstract Nowadays, increasing the architectural quality of residential buildings is a topic that has challenged scholars interested in urban issues for a long time. Therefore, the current research was carried out with the aim of the role of urban management in increasing the architectural quality of residential buildings in Tehran. This research is correlational in nature and content. In this research, the information related to 373 employees and managers of the Tehran Municipality have been analyzed at the level of Tehran in order to investigate the relationship between the variables to test the research hypotheses. The collected data were analyzed by structural equation method using SmartPLS software. The results showed that the municipality, the city council, the chamber of commerce and other organizations have an influence on increasing the architectural quality of residential buildings.

Abstract Abstract The concept of “home” transcends its physical existence, manifesting as an intellectual image. In essence, a house is a place to live and reach peace and comfort. The term “house” encompasses two distinct aspects of meaning and concept, which are different from each other. The aspect of the house meaning is an objective reality of a place where a person resides, but the concept of the house is a mental perception. Understanding the concept of home necessitates a thorough analysis of each individual's mindset regarding their living space. The purpose of this research is a comparative assessment of the home concept among 9-10-year-old children residing in Shiraz and Nojin cities. The research methodology involves content analysis utilizing argumentative analogies along with information gathering through library and documentary studies, Persian and Latin articles, and field research. By analyzing and examining thirty samples of children's drawings from these cities, it is possible to identify the similarities and differences in their mental images of the home concept. Result of this examination and analysis is anticipated several conceptual codes can be obtained. From the summation of these conceptual codes, the home concept among the children of these cities can be found, encompassing themes such as peace, comfort, comfort, security, and prosperity.

Abstract Due to the increase in the complexity and size of construction projects, the significant increase in the stakeholders involved in the project, the increase in the speed of project implementation and the risk variables caused by these factors, the management of construction projects faces significant challenges. . Also, the characteristics of construction projects, poor supervision of the project workshop, construction complexities, the existence of temporary multi-organizational nature, sub-contracts and interdisciplinary contracts in a project cause various interface issues. Also, recent construction projects in Iran have experienced significant rework and unwanted changes during the implementation phase, which has a negative impact on the project's performance. The analysis of the classification of construction rework and the factors affecting them shows that a significant part of the unwanted changes and the resulting conflicts in the projects are due to the lack of proper coordination, inefficient or delayed communication. between the project parties and the failure to explain the delivery requirements and in general poor interface management and lack of coordination between the different participants of the project in the implementation phase, which directly or indirectly affect the performance of the project and rework They create The purpose of this research is to investigate the role of using common interface management in reducing rework in construction projects, which identifies the main causes of rework in construction projects so that with their help, the effect of using interface management on the reduction of redundancies and as a result the improvement of project performance.

Abstract Today, with the advancement of technology, it is possible to update building components to increase the level of human-technology interaction, provide more comfort, achieve security, safety, comfort and better control in the residential space. Also, the energy shortage crisis around the world has become one of the most serious human problems, and smart architecture can reduce the consumption of fossil fuels, reduce electricity and gas consumption, reduce greenhouse gas production, and reduce harmful environmental effects, for this reason it is necessary to Intelligence should be used in interior architecture. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effects of using technology in the building and the impact of smart elements on the lives of residents, especially in optimizing energy consumption. The present research method is qualitative in nature and practical in terms of purpose. In the first step, by reviewing the theoretical foundations and research background in the field of intelligentization and energy optimization, information was collected through library-documentary studies, analyzed through content analysis, then the elements of intelligentization were extracted in the form of a conceptual model. In the second step, the effects of intelligentization on improving the quality of residents were investigated, and in the last step, the performance of indicators of intelligentization that reduce energy consumption was analyzed. The findings showed that one of the effects of technology on building construction is intelligentization, which through "smart materials and materials", "sensors", "security and safety control system and monitoring" and "service equipment" can improve economic, psychological and physical components. and the environment to improve the quality of life of the residents and it can be implemented by two methods, wired and wireless. One of the most important effects of intelligentization is the reduction of energy consumption from the environmental component, the performance of each of the elements is presented in a diagram.

Abstract Every child spends an important part of his life in school. The purpose of this presence in schools is to learn and develop the child's abilities and skills, as well as individual and social behaviors. Improper design of the school environment causes dissatisfaction, fatigue and decrease in their learning. Paying attention to the mental and physical characteristics of children and their behavioral patterns in the design of educational environments and the impact of environmental perceptions can help children's learning and the emergence of talents and ultimately their growth and prosperity. Hence, designing schools according to the needs It is especially important for children between 6-12 years old. What this article deals with is the different aspects of the effect of educational spaces and the components of environmental perceptions of these spaces on children's learning with the approach of improving students' learning. The current research is applied in terms of its purpose and survey-analytical in terms of the research method. The result shows that the factors that make up the educational environment are effective in facilitating children's learning and this effect is such that the sum of these factors together provide conditions so that students can focus more easily on the subject matter in order to improve Let them learn. And also this research states that components derived from environmental perception, such as: variety of furniture arrangement and flexible and movable furniture, spaces with the possibility of collaborative interactions, appropriate combination of colors in the space, readable and inviting entrances and paths, sand playground , the presence of water, terraces along the classes on the floors, participatory park, garden pit, tall and light windows, etc. are effective in improving students' learning.

Abstract In addition to optimizing energy consumption, daylight is efficient in the health quality of indoor spaces, the interaction of architecture with social behaviors, and the health of individuals in the space. In addition to increasing the quality of natural light in the space, benefiting a daylight control system significantly reduces the building's electrical energy consumption. The study aims to deals with the amount and the way the quality of the openings of the building's windows affects the quality of the received daylight. Therefore, it investigates the effect of the opening rate of the designed Iranian knot on the efficiency of natural lighting in the office space based on international standards, applying daylight simulation software and annual analyzes consistent with the weather information of Mashhad, through the occupation hours of the space. Firstly, However, the paper studies the basic concepts of the research; secondly, analytical tools are employed and analyzed how the quality of openings affects the quality of receiving light. Lastly, the result is formulated with logical reasoning based on analytical tools. Moreover, the results indicate that the opening coefficient holds a great effect on the distribution of natural light in different directions, particularly on the south front. Furthermore, the importance of daylight in optimizing the amount of energy consumption, the health quality of indoor spaces, and the health of individuals in the space is efficient through a systematic design that may control daylight consistent with the requirements.

Abstract Despite the numerous efforts in recent decades to improve the architectural design process, however, not any rich solution are developed for applying art in architecture inspired by nature. Therefore, it is necessary to respond to how to extract design solutions in the face of nature and inspiration from nature and to get clues to stimulate the imagination of designers by analyzing, comparing, and reviewing the existing examples and works of great contemporary architects. This paper aims to extract and categorize the influential components of art inspired by nature with an emphasis on Islamic architecture. Additionally, the foundations and principles that may be understood in a general and striking way in the spaces of Islamic architecture inspired by nature are explained in the form of different topics to achieve a better understanding of the architecture. Accordingly, the purpose of this research is to provide the mental associations of artists in the design process, based on modeling from nature to improve the thinking of Islamic architecture. However, the paper employ an applied descriptive-analytical methodology. The data was collected by the library method, and the analysis was conducted by the field studies. In this research, components, and solutions for better exercise of art and nature are proposed to stimulate imagination and use by designers. Furthermore, the results show that nature, holds a significant effect on Islamic architecture and is effective in various strategies leading to architectural creativity. Nature's art is ever-present and unclassifiable as influential means for inspiration, which is significant in the landmark buildings and examples presented. Moreover Islamic architecture, rather than seeking a specific form, serves the Muslim to achieve perfection with the aid of nature and pursues the ultimate purpose of human creation, which is indeed the worship of God. Therefore, the formalistic and apparent perceptions of nature alone shall not be enough, and the presence of the spirit of nature in architecture lead to its improvement and manifestation. However, the climatic, cultural, social, and political issues of each region may strongly influence architecture and its functions, therefore, the particular Islamic culture also creates its forms and functions; this is the point that makes Islamic architecture distinguish from other buildings.

Abstract Responding to the child's need for mobility and play is an important issue both from the perspective of improving mental and physical health and as a response to the needs of a resident of a residential apartment. But due to the limitations in the construction of residential complexes; In many houses, the open space (yard), which was previously the most suitable private space to meet this child's biological need (movement), was removed and finally a small semi-open space (terrace) was replaced. The purpose of this research is to identify the influential components in the design of the body of the residential apartment in improving the quality of the space in order to respond to the mobility of the child. This research was done based on quantitative method (with the help of researcher-made questionnaire tool). Data collection was done by providing a questionnaire to the residents of Hormzan residential complex in Tehran, and the obtained data were analyzed using Spss-26 software and using factor analysis, Friedman test, Pearson correlation test, and the results were extracted and presented. Based on the analysis of the research findings, the use of open space (elevated yard) or semi-open space (terrace), green space, flexibility in the furniture and body of the apartment, and the use of natural light are the most important components that should be used as criteria for designing the body of a residential apartment to meet the needs. The child should be considered for mobility.

Abstract Since the arrival of Islam in Iran, we have witnessed a great change in the form, content and place of performance of these arts in architecture, which is due to the social and religious context of societies. Since the advent of Islam in Iran, we have witnessed extensive physical and non-physical changes in the architecture of mosques. The Ilkhani period started with severe destruction, but with the arrival of worthy Iranian ministers and the conversion of the Ilkhani kings to Islam, there was an advance in the architecture of mosques. In the present research, with the descriptive and analytical method that has been carried out through the library study, an attempt has been made to first mention a brief history of the historical developments of the Ilkhanid period. Then, the mosques of this period have been examined, then the physical content of the buildings, including the arrays and decorations of the porches, domes, etc., which has a symbolic aspect, has been analyzed. The analysis of the elements of the mosques shows the special attention of the patriarchal kings to Islamic teachings. Along with these patriarchs, they tried to build mosques in accordance with the existing conditions at that time, taking into account the climatic and social conditions of the city of Tabriz.

Abstract This research examines and studies the role of socio-economic factors in the formation of affordable housing architecture in the post-Islamic Revolution era in Iran. Factors that affect the formation of affordable housing architecture will be examined and studied in both the economic and social dimensions. Also, this article explains the relationship between the interaction of socio-economic components with the housing syndrome in the form of a model of affordable housing. The case study was contemporary residential architecture in the post-Islamic Revolution era in Iran, which is studied due to the impact of social and economic issues and the major challenges of this period. By explaining socio-economic components and examining their relationships with each other and other peripheral components, a model for the formation of affordable housing was achieved and better design principles were presented to architects for the optimal use of space. It is shown that changing housing conditions has been one of the most important areas of developments resulting from the expansion of urbanization. The target group can be the general public, workers, employees, retirees, female heads of households, households with young heads, etc. To provide safe and healthy housing that is affordable for the household, we can consider program goals to increase the ability of households to provide housing and to strengthen existing housing with the help of various executive programs. Finally, real solutions to reduce housing prices are proposed and presented.

Abstract Places of worship, especially mosques, are considered one of the richest platforms for the evolution and exaltation of the human spirit and possess great significance. The geometry of these buildings is considered one of their common and regular features, having specific proportions and rules. Also, it has created an intangible heritage identity for the contemporary era. Knowing and interpreting these proportions can play an important role in repairing and reusing the historic building, using them in future architectures, and elevating the new architecture. This research aims to discover similarities and differences between cultural platforms from the Timurid to Safavid eras by reviewing the principles and proportions using geometric analysis. To identify the mathematical relationships of the architectural body of mosques' courtyards and understand their geometrical proportions, this research has used the combined method of historical interpretation based on valid evidence and logical reasoning of the mathematical type. Based on this, the sides and proportions of the courtyards and constituent parts of 9 Timurid, Safavid, and Qajar mosques have been subjected to numerical analysis based on Euclidean-longitudinal calculations and the scale of proportions in the courtyard plan of the mosques. Findings of this research indicate that the geometry of the courtyard and components of the discussed mosques have employed golden proportions, and Mahtabi halls attached to the mosque courtyards during the Safavid period have been developed in the same proportions through the Qajar period.

Abstract Saving fossil fuels and using clean energy sources leads to utilization costs reduction and the environment & human well-being protection. Building walls and used materials are considered the main sources of energy waste. Brick is a building material that backs to ancient history; the reason for using it is its stability, cheapness, and high manufacturing speed. Now, its use is less considered for some reasons, such as increasing population density, the construction of multi-story buildings, overweight, the requirement of higher labor, and the lack of insulation. Likewise, Heblex blocks have become more widely used as they eliminated many defects of bricks, although brick is still being used. Considering the importance of energy in recent decades and the emphasis of national building regulations on the insulation of buildings and less energy consumption, this study focuses on comparing two materials, bricks and Heblex blocks, with each other in terms of energy cooling and heating consumption, and the building gas and electricity fuel consumption, as well as the amount of financial saving in electricity and gas consumption. This research was conducted by Design Builder software, and the studied model was selected as a cube with dimensions of 4 * 10 * 10 in the Mashhad climate. The investigated model has been modeled in the software. Then, the amount of cooling, heating, and the total load of the building in two cases, brick walls and Hablex materials, have been extracted, and the results have been stated as a percentage. The obtained results show that replacing bricks wall with Heblex blocks will save the energy consumption of the building up to 55.12%. In the next step, the electricity and gas price for both models has been estimated. And it was found that replacing the brick with Heblx Blocks could assist the household economy by almost 55.5% by saving from paying electricity and gas bills.

Abstract The central yard, as an efficient and responsive device, has done its job well in protecting residents from environmental, social and cultural conditions in different regions of Iran. The physical typology of the central courtyard in different regions of the country, especially the buildings related to the first Pahlavi period, is a topic that this research seeks to answer. For this purpose, traditional houses with courtyards from different cities of the country have been selected as study samples. This research aims to investigate the physical structure, patterns and various types of the central courtyard in traditional houses, to study the typology of these houses. In order to carry out the research, more than 60 examples of traditional houses in the historical area of different cities of Iran were identified and 23 houses that had complete information and documents were selected for classification. According to their nature, research data has been collected by referring to library sources and field observations. The results of the classification of the location of the courtyard in the building show that one construction front (with the building mass on the northern side of the courtyard) has the most and buildings with two courtyards on both sides of the building have the lowest frequency among the samples studied. Also in In the longitudinal classification, 15.1-25 has the highest frequency, while in the transverse classification, the maximum frequency belongs to 15.1-20. Yards with an area of 100 to 400 square meters have the highest frequency among the samples studied. In the classification of proportions, the highest frequency is related to the proportions of 1.1 and the lowest is related to 1.5, which indicates the stretching of the yards towards the square. After the classification and comparison, Tousizadeh house has been chosen as the representative of the species with the highest abundance and Ganjalizadeh house as the representative of the species with the least abundance in the study context.